Those aspirants who have applied for Post graduate teacher recruitment examination must have a look towards below explained KVS Syllabus.
Taxonomic aids, keys, specimen management ; Systematic and binomial system of nomenclature; Classification of living organisms( five kingdom classification, major groups and principles of classification within each group) ; General description of monera, protozoa, fungi, algae, bryophytes, pteridophyes, gymnosperms, angiosperms ( major groups of angiosperms upto sub class) ; Botanical gardens ,herbaria, zoological parks and museums .Salient features of animal ( nonchordates up to phylum level and chordates up to class level).
Morphology, Anatomy and histology of angiosperms: Root , stem , leaf, flower , inflorescence, fruits and seeds, Tissues : Meristamatic and permanent ( epidermal, ground, vascular). Cambial activity, secondary growth, type of wood. Animal tissues ; Morphology, Anatomy and histology of annelids , insects , amphibians.
Cell cycle , detailed study of Cell division (mitosis , meiosis) ; Cell death ; Structure and function( metabolism) of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids ; Enzymology : Classification and nomenclature of enzymes ; Structure ; Mechanism of action, single substrate and bisubstrate enzyme ; Activators and inhibitors of enzymes ; Factors affecting the activity of enzymes.
Water relations: Properties of water, water in tissues and cells, Transport of water and solutes( food, nutrients, gases) : Transport across cell membrane ; soil-plant-atmosphere continuum ; Minerals required by plant, their absorbable form, functions, deficiency symptoms, essentiality of mineral, N2 metabolism, biological fixation ; Cellular Metabolism: Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, hormonal regulation ; Oxidation of food, respiratory efficiency of various food components ; transport and detoxification of ammonia , Lipid Metabolism ; Photosynthesis: Basic principles of light absorption, excitation energy transfer, electron transports, cycles ( C2 , C3, C4, CAM ), plant productivity, measurement of photosynthetic parameters ; Physiological responses to abiotic stresses ; Sensory photobiology ; Plant growth regulators : Growth ,differentiation / de-differentiation and re-differentiation, development ; Physiological affects and mechanism of action of plant growth hormones, Flowering : Photoperiodism and its significance, endogenous clock and its regulation, floral induction and development, vernalisation ; Plant movements.
Morphology, Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, Control and Disorders of Digestion, Respiration, Body fluids and Circulation, Excretion, Skeleton system & muscle, Nervous; Physiology of high altitude.
Plants: Structural details of angiospermic flower, development of gametophytes, pollination and its types, agencies of pollination, pollen- pistil interaction, fertilization, Artificial hybridization (emasculation and bagging) development of seed and fruit ; Apomixis and Polyembryony ; Self incompatibility: Structural and biochemical aspects; methods to overcome incompatibility; Experimental Embryology; Human Reproduction: Morphology, Anatomy, Histology and Physiology of reproduction ; Neuro-endocrine control ; Sexual behavior in infancy, pre-adolescence, adolescence and of adult ; Implantation, Pregnancy and Parturition ; Mammary gland and Lactation ; Infantile mammary gland, pubertal changes in mammary gland; Structure of adult mammary gland, galactopoiesis, milk let down ; Menopause. Senescence – Impact of age on reproduction.Foetal and Embryonic Gonads and Genital ducts ;Hormonal basis of sex differentiation ; Disorders of sexual differentiation development ;Reproductive Health: Problems and strategies, Population explosion –causes and effects, birth control measures- natural methods, physical / barrier, bio-chemical, hormonal, immunological, surgical methods, IUD’s , amniocentesis, female feticide, MMR, IMR, MTP, STD’s, infertility Disorders of female and female reproductive systems – Sexual dysfunction; Infertility – Causes and curative measures ; Reproductive toxicology of environmental and industrial chemicals, drug and alcohol ;Medically assisted human reproductive technologies, GIFT, IUT, ZIFT, TET ; Embryo culture.
Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Mendelian genetics, Inheritance of one gene, two genes, post mendelian inheritance; Recombination frequency, chromosomal theory of inheritance ; Drosophila genetics, linkage and recombinations ; Mutation :General properties of mutations ; Adaptation versus mutation ; molecular basis of gene mutation : DNA repair mechanisms ; Pedigree analysis ; Human karyotype-banding ; genetic and environmental basis of sex determination, Y- and X-linked genes; Numerical and Structural abnormalities of human chromosomes and related syndromes ; Human metabolic disorders.;Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Chemical nature of DNA and RNA, Biological functions of nucleic acids ; Search for genetic material, RNA world ; Replication ; Transcription and processing of RNA, Genetic code ; Translation, post-translational modifications ; Ribosomes and Proteins ; Regulation of Gene expression ; DNA Fingerprinting ; Gene mapping ; Chromosome banding; Restriction enzyme, nucleotide sequence comparisons and homologies ; Molecular clocks ; Genetics in modern agriculture ,animal breeding, medicine, human behaviour ; Misuse of genetics ; Genetic Counseling ; Gene therapy ; HGP ; Gene Activity in prokaryotes and eukaryotes ; Signals for gene control – Hormones and growth factors ; Totipotency & Pleuripotency ; Stem cell and Gene therapy ; Bacterial transformation, transduction and conjugation, Bacterial chromosome ; Bacteriophages : Types, structure and morphology ;Evolutionary biology: Cosmic evolution – Physical basis of life ; Theories of origin of life ; Origin of life through biochemical evolution ; Experimental evidences for origin of life ; The origin of natural selection ; Extraterrestrial life ; Evolution of the eukaryotic cell : Evolution of the Metazoa ; Evolution of chordata and the evolution of the major vertebrate classes; Origin and evolution of man : Population Genetics; Genetic variations ; Polymorphism ; Gene frequency; Hardy Weinberg equilibrium ; Genetic drift, founder effect ; adaptive radiations, ecological significance of molecular variations.
Health and disease ; types of diseases, common diseases in humans ; Immunology – Innate and Acquired immunity ; Passive and active immunization ; Organization and structure of lymphoid organ ; Cells of the immune system and their differentiation ; Lymphocyte traffic ; Nature of immune response ; Structure and Functions of antibodies : Antigen-Antibody interactions ; Humoral immune response ; Cell mediated immunity ; Immunological memory ; Auto-immunity ; Allergies; HLA system in human :MHC haplotypes ; Transplantation types and problems ; Immunodeficiency disorders ;etiology of HIV ; types, genetics and biochemistry of cancer ; Drugs and alcohol abuse, Addiction , drug dependence, ill effects, prevention, its abuse in adolescents and its management;Strategies for food production and enhancement: Animal husbandry, management of farm animals, breeding strategies ( natural and artificial) and their types, economic importance of each ; Plant breeding, method of release of new variety, HYV of common cereals and pulses, bio-fortification, SCP ; Tissue culturing, somatic hybridization;Microbes in Human Welfare: Technology associated and use of Microbes in household, industries, medicine, bio-active molecules, sewage treatment and STP, Ganga and Yamuna action plan, biogas production, biocontrol agents, biofertilizers.
Genetic engineering tools and technique, technique of separation and isolation of DNA, cloning vectors ,electrophoresis, bio reactors, processing of its products. Tissue engineering ; Cryopreservation ; Fusion methods, detection and applications of monoclonal antibodies, DNA vaccines, Edible vaccines.;Application in agriculture : GMO for pest resistance, RNAi and dsRNA technology,Application in Medicine, genetically engineered products, gene therapy. Molecular diagnosis : serum and urine analysis, PCR, ELISA ; Transgenic animals : their physiology, biological products and their use for testing the safety of vaccine and chemicals ; Bioethics issues ; biopyracy.
Organism and its environment, distribution of biomes, major physical factors and the physiological responses shown by organisms ; Physical adaptation of plants and animals, rules governing adaptations ; Population attributes and growth, logistic curves, Darwinian fitness ; Population interactions and their theories ; Ecosystem structure and functions, ecosystem productivity and standing crop, decomposition in nature, energy flow in GFC / DFC, ecological pyramids, succession of community ; Nutrient cycle ; ecosystem services ; Biodiversity types and its patterns, importance of diversity, its loss and their causes, conservation strategies ; Environmental issues : Types of pollution, their indicators, causes, effects, prevention and treatment ; Deforestation, recommended forestation, reforestation, case studies of people’s participation in conservation.
Historical perspectives, scope and importance, commercial potential , interdisciplinary challenge, a quantative approach-scale up – stages in commercialization of product and process, the fermenter , aseptic operation. Manufacturing quality control, good manufacturing practices, good laboratory practices, product safety, bio safety principles-environment and health risk , assessment, bio safety regulatory guidelines and controlling agency, environmental law for hazardous drugs , microbes and GMO’S , Biotechnology related issues of Public concern, Bioethics. Marketing, Biotechnology in India and global trends. Fundamentals of Biochemical engineering-Concept of pH , buffer , physical variables , dimensions and units , measurement conventions , physical and chemical properties, data , stoichiometry , errors in data and calculation, absolute and relative un certainty and types of error statistical analysis presentation of experimental data , data analysis , trends , testing mathematical models, goodness to fit , use of graph paper with logarithmic coordination and plotting of data process flow diagrams, material balance, fluid flow and mixing , mass transfer , heat transfer, unit operations, homogenous reactions , microbial growth , substrates utilization and product formation kinetics, reactor engineering – rheology of fermentation fluids , scale up concepts, design of fermenting media, aseptic transfer, various microbial and enzyme reactors, instrumentation in bio reactors. Biotechnology and Society-Public perception of Biotechnology intellectual property, patents, reading a patent, International scenario, National scenario, Varietals protection, ethical issues in agriculture and health care.
Biomolecules- Structure and Dynamics; Thermodynamics: concept of free energy, entropyBuilding blocks of carbohydrates – sugars and their derivatives , chemical properties of sugar , polysaccharides – glycogen , cellulose, chitin etc.Building blocks of proteins – Amino acids, Chemical properties of amino acids, regulation of amino acid metabolism and inborn errors of metabolism determination of sequencing of amnino acids , fragmentation of polypeptide chain , 3D structure of proteins, secondary , tertiary and quarternary structure of proteins, vitamins and enzymes. Lipids –simple fatty acids , Sphingosine, Glycerol and cholesterol and their chemical properties , lipid metabolism and its regulation. Nucleic acids- Nucleo tides, chemical properties , optical activities and stereo chemistry of bio molecules, polarimetry , conformations and configuration, RNA, DNA, 3D model of DNA , chromosome structure , circular and super coiled DNA. Biochemical transformations-carbohydrates metabolism-glycolytic path way, krebs cycle, homo fermentative path way. KH , PPP, photosynthesis- light reaction Kelvin cycle, nitrogen fixtation , nitrogen cycle, nitrogenase , gluconeogenesis, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation , precursor-product relationship, supramolecular assembly, biomolecular database, biomembranes, structure and function of liposomes and their applications
Techniques based on molecular weight or size- Centrifugation and ultra centrifugation, gel permeation , osmotic potential.Techniques based on polarity- Ion exchange chromatography, elctrophoresis, isoelectric focusing , hydro phobic interaction , partition chromatography.Techniques based on spectroscopy- Colorimetry, UV visible , spectro photometry, fluorescence , spectroscopy , x-ray crystallography , mass spectrometry , radio isotopes techniques; Techniques based on solubility – Salt perceipitation , precipitation with organic solvent. Cellular techniques- Microscopy-LM,TEM,SEM cell sorting , cell fractionation , cell growth determination , electronic particle counter, culture based counting methods Genetical techniques- Chromosomal techniques- Staining , bending, pattern, Karyotyping, chromosomal painting. Mutagenic techniques- Bacterial and seed mutagenesis , recombination in bacteria, conjugation, transduction, breeding methods in plants, pedigree analysis, DNA isolation.
Cell structure and components- Cell membrane – composition, Structure, membrane , associated receptors, artificial membrane, membrane proteins, principals of membrane organization, cell junction, membrane lipids. Cell organellels – Golgi bodies, Endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, per oxisomes, ribosomes, internatilsation of macro molecules , endo and exocytosis , mitochondrial structure and oxidative phosphorylation. Cytoskeleton- Micro tubules , micro filaments, lattice and cytosol ;Nucleus –nuclear envelope , nucleolus , chromosome tissue and organs , evolution and population , speciation , biodiversity , adaptation, natural selection, organization of life, size and complexity , interaction with environment .Cell growth and development - Cell division, cell cycles, cell communication and signal transduction , movement, nutrition, gaseous exchange , internal transport, maintaining the internal environment, reproduction, animal and plant development, immune response, apoposis, plant-pathogen relation, secondary metabolism, defence strategy in microbes and insects.
Principles of Genetics- Mendelian genetics, role of chromosome in inheritance, multiple alleles , linkage and crossing over , genetic recombination, genetic mapping, gene interaction , sexed linked inheritance , extra nuclear inheritance, quantitative inheritance, genes at the population level, discovery of DNA as genetic material-Griffiths experiment, Hershey and Chase experiment, mutagenesis , types of mutations, genome, chromosome and gene mutations, molecular mechanism of mutation , DNA repair , genetic disorder, transposons, animal and plant breeding. Genome function- Genome organization, sequencing DNA replication, fine structure of gene, from gene to protein, transcription , genetic code , translation, regulation of gene expression, genetic basis of development, genetic of cancer, immuno genetics, evolutionary genetics.
Protein Structure and engineering.-3D shape of proteins, non covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der waals forces, hydro phobic interaction. Structure function relationships in proteins – Chymotrypsin, molecular disease. protein finger printing, 2D gel electrophoresis, purification of proteins, characterization of proteins , proteins based products, mass spectrometry, blood products and vaccine , therapeutic antibodies and enzymes, hormones and growth factor, regulatory factor , analytical application , industrial enzymes , functional non catalytic proteins, nutraceutical proteins, designing proteins, proteomics, genes and proteins type of proteomics .
Recombinant DNA Technology -Tools of recombinant DNA technology, restriction
enzymes, making of recombinant DNA , DNA library, introduction of recombinant DNA into host cells-plasmid , cosmid, vectors, lambda, bacteriophage , identification of recombinants , PCR, DNA probes, hybridization techniques , DNA sequencing, site directed mutagenesis, cloning strategies.
Genomics and Bioinformatics- Structural and functional genomics, genome
sequencing projects, genetic mapping, gene prediction and counting , genome similarity, SNPs and comapartive genomics , functional genomics-micro array techniques , fluorescence , in situ hybridization , comparative DNA hybridisation, history of bio informatics, sequences and nomenclature , DNA and protein sequences, information sources-major databases, blast family search tools, resources for gene level sequences , analysis using bio informatics tools.
Microbial cell culture and its applications-nutrients , energy sources, sterilization procedures, environment for microbial growth, aeration and mixing , equipments for culture- bioreactors, Types of microbial culture, measurement and kinetics of microbial growth, scale up of microbial process, isolation of microbial products, strain isolation and improvement, application of microbial culture technology bioethics. Plant Cell culture and applications- Cell and tissue culture techniques- Nutrient media, types of cultures, plant regeneration pathways, application of cell and tissue culture, gene transfer methods in plants, transgenic plants with beneficial traits, stress tolerance, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, transgenic plant as bio reactor, diagnostics in agriculture and molecular breeding, morphological and molecular markers , bioethics. Animal cell culture and applications- Primary cell culture, secondary cell culture and lines, types of cell lines , physical environment , osmolality , media , pH temperature cryopreservation, equipments required for animal cell culture, carbon dioxide incubators, Characterisation of cell lines- Scale up of animal culture, applicantions of animal cell culture-Tissue plasminogen activator, factor VIII , erythropoietin, hybridoma technology, mono colonal antibodies, therapeutic antibodies, stem cell technology- morphological approach, in vitro clonal assay, long term marrow culture, embryonic stem culture, cell and tissue engineering , bioethics in animal genetic engineering.
Immune system , molecules of immune system, immuno globulins , MHCs, cytokines, T cell receptor, generation of antibodies and T cell receptor diversity , complement system, humoral and cell mediated immunity, immune regulation, vaccines , hybridoma, immuno deficiencies, AIDS, transplantation immunity and cancer.
Biotechnology industry , Bioinformatics, molecular technology for diagnosis of genetic disorders, onco viruses and immunity, lymphocyte, homoestasis, viral induced modulation of host immune response, HLA polymorphism, induction and maturation of B cells, safe limits for radiation determined , radiation carcinogenesis.
S.No. | Topic (Details of the syllabus) |
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1. | Some Basic concepts of Chemistry: Scope of chemistry- Historical approach to nature of matter - states of matter, properties of matter and its measurement, S. I system of units, Uncertainty in measurements, dimensional analysis, Laws of chemical combination, atomic and molecular masses, Mole concept and molar masses, percentage composition, empirical and molecular masses, equivalent weight, concept of limiting reagent |
2. | States of Matter: Gases, liquids and solids, three states of matter, types of intermolecular forces. The laws governing ideal gas behaviour, Dalton’s law of partial pressure, Kinetic molecular theory of ideal gases, Maxwell Boltzmann distribution law on molecular motion, real gases – deviation from ideal behaviour, vander Waals equation. Liquid and their properties. Solids: Classification of solids, fundamental types of lattices, two and three dimensional lattice types, Simple crystal structures, Transformation of crystal structure on varying temperature, Bragg’s law, density in solids, energy band, band gaps, semiconductors, magnetic and dielectric properties, stoichiometric and non- stoichiometric defects in solids. |
3. | Structure of Atom:Structure of Atom (Classical Theory), Dalton’s atomic theory, Bohr’s model of atom, Structure of atom (modern theory), de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principal, Classical wave equation, Schrödinger’s wave equation, Probability distribution curve, Quantum numbers, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. |
4. | Equilibrium: Reversible reactions, criteria of equilibrium, Law of mass action, equilibrium constant, Kc and Kp , Le Chatelier principle, Ionic equilibrium, Ostwald’s dilution Law, solution of acids, bases, ionic equilibria in solution, Common ion effect – its application to qualitative analysis, acids and bases, Bronsted- Lowry theory of acids and bases, Lewis concept of acid and bases, relative strengths of acids and bases, their quantitative estimation, buffer solution and its use, determination of pH, theories of indicators, conductometric titration, Solubility product, hydrolysis. |
5. | Surface Chemistry:Adsorption, absorption, sorption, Physical adsorption, Chemisorption adsorption, isotherms ( Freundlich, Langmuir), application of adsorption, types of Catalysis theories of catalysis, classification of colloids, preparation of Colloidal Solution (lyophobic and lyophilic), Special characteristics of colloidal solutions , electrophoresis, Precipitation of colloids – Hardy Schulze law, multimolecular and macromolecular colloids, Emulsion and Gels. |
6. | Chemical Kinetics: Theories of reaction rates, rate of reaction , molecularity and order of reaction, Fast reactions- Luminescence and energy transfer process, reaction mechanisms(Simple and complex reactions). |
7. | Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry: Oxidation and reduction, redox reaction and its application, oxidation number, Strong and weak electrolytes, activity coefficient, conductance and conductivity, Kohlrausch law, resistance and resistivity molar conductivity, equivalent conductivity, Qualitative and quantitative aspect of electrolysis, electrochemical cell and electrolytic cell, Electrode and electrode potential and standard electrode potential, Electrochemical series and its applications, Nernst equation and its application, Equilibrium constant and EMF of the cell. |
8. | Solutions:Solution and its types, expression of concentration of solution, solubility and factors affecting the solubility of a solid in a liquid (temperature and pressure), Vapour pressure of a liquid, Raoult’s law for both volatile and non volatile solute,Ideal and non ideal solution, Colligative properties, abnormal molecular masses and Van’t Hoff factor. |
9. | Chemical bonding and Molecular Structure: Valence electrons and Lewis structures, Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Bond parameters ,Co-ordinate bond, polarity and dipole moment, Quantitative idea of – valence bond theory, molecular orbital theory (LCAO), Concept of hybridization involving s, p, d orbitals, Hydrogen bond, Resonance. |
10. | Thermodynamics:Macroscopic properties of the system, modes of transfer of energy between system and surrounding, Phase transition, phase rule and phase diagram, First Law, second law and third law, of thermodynamics. Internal energy and enthalpy of the reaction, their measurement and application, spontaneity of process, Entropy and spontaneity, Helmholtz and Gibb’s free energy, Thermodynamics of electrochemical cells. |
11. | Classification of elements and periodicity in properties: Significance of classification, brief history of the development of periodic table, periodic laws, name of the elements with Z>100 according to IUPAC system, classification of elements into s, p, d, f –block elements and their characteristics, Periodic trends in the properties of elements – Ionization enthalpy, Electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, atomic radii, ionic radii, periodicity of valency or oxidation state. |
12. | Hydrogen:Position of Hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, Preparation of hydrogen, on small and commercial scale, hydrides, water, hard and soft water, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen economy, hydrogen as a fuel. |
13. | General principles and processes of isolation of elements and s – block elements: Principles
and methods of extraction, oxidation and reduction as applied to the extraction procedures of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe. s – block elements, general introduction – Electronic configuration, occurrence, Anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, Trends in variation of the properties, reaction of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Preparation and properties and uses of some important compounds: - sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate, industrial uses of lime and lime stone, biological importance of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. |
14. | p – Block Elements: Electronic configuration, variation in physical and chemical properties of groups 13 to 18, physical and chemical properties of borax, boric acid, boron hydride, silicones, preparation and uses, preparation, properties and uses of nitrogen, ammonia, nitric acid and oxides of nitrogen, phosphorus – allotropic forms, preparation and properties of phosphine, phosphorus pentachloride and phosphorus trichloride, preparation, properties and uses of oxygen and ozone, hydrides and halides of 16 group elements, their structure and nature, allotropic forms of sulphur- their preparation, preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide, industrial preparation of oxo-acids of sulphur, preparation and properties of halogen and halogen acids, inter halogen compounds, pseudohalide ions. Oxo-acids of halogens, their structure and nature, preparation, properties and uses of xenon fluorides, oxides of xenon and xenon oxo fluorides. |
15. | The d – and f- Block Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration and general trend in the properties of first row transition metals like metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, coloured ion formation, catalytic properties, magnetic properties, oxides, halides and sulphides of first row transition metals, complex compound formation etc. Preparation, properties and structures of KMnO4 and K2Cr2 O7, lanthanoids and actinoids. |
16. | Co-ordination Compounds and organometallics: Meaning of co-ordination compounds, Werner’s theory, ligands – their types, IUPAC nomenclature of co- ordination compounds, isomerism, bonding in co-ordination compounds, colour, magnetic properties and, stabilities of co-ordination compounds. Chemical and biological importance of co-ordination compounds, metal carbonyls: preparation, properties and bonding, organometallic compounds and their classification. |
17. | Organic Chemistry : Some Basic Principles and Techniques: General Classification of organic compounds, Shapes of organic compounds-Hybridisation(sp, sp2,sp3), Structural representation of organic molecules, Functional groups, Homologous, series. Common or trivial names, nomenclature of aliphatic, aromatic and substituted aromatic compounds.
Isomerism : Structural and Stereo isomerism Fundamental Concepts in Reaction Mechanism: Cleavage of covalent bond, Types of attacking species, electron movement in organic reactions, electronic displacement in a covalent bond and types of organic reactions. Methods of purification of organic compounds: Qualitative analysis, Quantitative analysis., estimation of the elements and determination of empirical and molecular formula. |
18. | Hydrocarbons: Classification of hydrocarbons. Alkanes: Conformations (Newmann and Sawhorse formulae), Physical properties, Chemical reactions Cycloalkanes: Preparation, physical and chemical properties, stability of cycloalkanes(Bayer strain theory), chair and boat forms of cyclohexane. Alkenes:, structure of double bond, geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions. Alkadienes: Classification of dienes, Preparation of conjugated dienes, Chemical properties(1,2 and 1,4- addition to conjugated dienes). Alkynes:, structure of triple bond, physical properties, methods of preparation Chemical properties, Acidic nature of alkynes Aromatic Hydrocarbons:, Structure of benzene, resonance, aromaticity (Huckel’s rule) Chemical properties, mechanism of electrophilic substitution direct influence of substituents in monosubustituted benzene. |
19. | Environmental Chemistry: Environmental pollution, Atmospheric pollution, Tropospheric pollution(Air pollution), Major air pollutants, Control of air pollution, Smog(Chemical and Photochemical smog), Stratospheric pollution: Ozone layer and its depletion, Acid rain, Green House Effect and Global warming, Water pollution, Soil pollution and Industrial waste. |
20. | Haloalkanes and Haloarenes: Classification, methods of preparation of haloalkanes and haloarenes, their physical properties, tests to distinguish between alkyl and aryl halides, mechanism of SN1 and SN2 reactions, elimination reactions (Saytzeff Rule, E1 & E2 mechanism).Poly halogen compounds: Preparation and properties. |
21. | Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers: Classification, preparation, properties and uses, tests to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Distinctions between alcohols and phenols. Preparation of ethers , physical and chemical properties. |
22. | Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids: Structure of carbonyl group, preparation of aldehydes and ketones, physical , Chemical properties and uses, tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones .Preparations of carboxylic acids preparation properties and uses. |
23. | Amines (Organic compounds containing nitrogen ): Classification, Structure of amino group, preparation, Physical, Chemical properties, tests to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary amines |
24. | Polymers: Polymerization, Classification of polymers based on : origin, structure, molecular forces, mode of polymerization. Addition polymerization Condensation polymerization(Step-growth polymerization) Preparation of condensation polymers Synthetic and natural rubber and vulcanization, Determination of molecular mass of polymers:. Poly dispersity index(PDI). Bio-degradable polymers like PHBV. |
25. | Biomolecules(Biochemistry):Carbohydrates: Classification of carbohydrates , Structural determination of glucose and fructose on the basis of their chemical properties, Open chain (Fischer) structure, cyclic structure(Haworth form), and forms of glucose, Mutarotation, anomers and epimers, Chemical reactions of glucose, Reducing and non-reducing sugars, Configuration of glucose and fructose. Disaccharides Sucrose, Haworth representation of disaccharides, Polysaccharides, Starch, Cellulose, and amylopectin structures, Functions of Carbohydrates in living organisms. Carbohydrate metabolism, glycolysis, electron-transport chain, Proteins: Amino acids, Zwitter ion, Iso-electric point, peptides and peptide bond, Fibrous proteins, Globular proteins and their functions, Primary, Secondary(Helix and pleated sheet structures) and tertiary structure of proteins, denaturation and renaturation, Enzymes, specificity and mechanism of enzyme activity , coenzymes, applications of enzymes. Nucleic acids : Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Structure of ATP, Photosynthesis(Light and dark reactions) Primary and Secondary structure of DNA(Double Helix structure) , biological functions of nucleic acids, Replication, Protein synthesis (Transcription, Translation, mutation), genetic code, genetic errors, Vitamins, classification, diseases caused by the deficiency of vitamins, Hormones (steroid hormones and non-steroid hormones) and their functions. |
26. | Chemistry in Everyday life: Drugs and medicines - designing a drug, drug metabolism, classification of drugs, enzymes as drug targets, action of drug through drug receptor interaction, types of drugs: Antipyretics, Analgesics, antiseptics, disinfectants, tranquilizers, antimicrobials, antibiotics(Narrow spectrum and broad spectrum antibiotics), antifertility drugs, antihistmmines, antacids. Chemicals in food, Food preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, Soaps and detergents, Preparation soaps(Saponification) and detergents, cleansing action of soaps, advantages of detergents over soaps, Deodorants, Edible colours, antioxidants. |
System buses: Computer Components, Computer function, Interconnection Structures, Bus Interconnection, PCI.
Internal Memory: Computer Memory System Overview, Semiconductor Main Memory, Cache Memory, Advanced DRAM Organization.
Input/ Output: External Devices, I/O Modules, Programmed I/O, Interrupt- Driven I/O, Direct Memory Access, I/O Channels and Producers, The External Interface.
Operating System Overview.
Computer Arithmetic: The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Integer Arithmetic, Floating-Point Representation, Floating-Point Arithmetic.
Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Function, Machine Instruction Characteristics, Types of Operands, Types of Operation, Addressing Modes and Formats, Register Organization, The Instruction Cycle, Instruction Pipelining.
Assembly Language
The Control Unit: Micro-operations, control of the CPU, hardwired Implementation, Micro program Controller, Basic Concepts, Microinstructions, Sequencing, Microinstruction Execution.
Reduced Instruction Set Computer: An Introduction.
Introduction: System software, resource abstraction, OS strategies; multiprogramming, batch, time sharing, personal computers and workstation, process control & real time systems, processes & threads using FORK, JOIN, QUIT.
Operating System Organization: Factors in operating system design, basic OS function, implementation consideration: process modes, kernels, methods of requesting system services, device drivers.
Device Management: Service management approaches, buffering, device drivers, performance tuning.
Process Management: System view of the process and resources, initiating The OS, process address space, process abstraction, resource abstraction, process hierarchy.
Scheduling: Scheduling Mechanisms, Strategy selection, non-pre-emptive and pre-emptive strategies.
Synchronization Principles: Interactive processes, critical section, deadlock, coordinating processes, semaphores, spread memory, multiprocessors, events, monitors and the inter-process communication.
Deadlocks: System deadlock model, prevention strategies, hold and wait, circular wait, allowing pre-emption, Banker’s Algorithm, serially reusable resources, consumable resources, general resources system recovery.
Memory Management: Mapping address space to memory space, memory allocation strategies, fixed partition, variable partition, segmentation.
File Management: Directory structure, basic file operations and their implementation.
Protection and Security: Policy mechanism, authentication, internal access authorization.
Fundamental Concepts: Digital signal, NAND, NOR and Exclusive-OR operation, Boolean Algebra, Basic Digital Circuits.
Number system and Codes: Primary, Octal, Hexadecimal, Signed Numbers Codes, hamming codes.
Combinational Logic Design: K-map representation of logical functions and simplification using K-map of 4 and 5 variables, Quine- McCluskey’s method.
Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Adders and Subtracters, multipliers, Comparators, Parity generators and checkers, Code converters, Priority Encoders, Decoders.
Races, hazards, and asynchronous behavior
Flip-Flops: Clocked RS flip flop, D-type flip flop, Excitation table of flip flop, Edge triggered flip flop, Clocked flip flop design.
Sequential Logic Designs: Registers, Shift registers, Asynchronous counters, synchronous counters, RAM, ROM.
Basic Computer Organization: Functional Units, basic I/O devices and storage devices; Representation of integers, real (fixed and floating point), characters (ASCII and Unicode); Basic operations of a programming environment.
Problem Solving Approaches: Notion of an algorithm, problem solving using top-down design and decomposition into sub-problems, stepwise methodology of developing an algorithm, methodology of developing an algorithmic solution from a mathematical specification of the problem, use of recursion for problems with inductive characterization.
Programming using a modern programming language such as Java, emphasizing the following notions: Building blocks: arithmetic and logical expression, variables, assignment; Specifying the input-output interface (type); control structures including sequencing, conditionals, loops, procedural abstractions (procedures, methods); basic data structures-integers, reals, strings and arrays-and internal representation of scalar and vector data; data abstraction and encapsulation-objects, classes and packages; input/ output of data.
Numerical and non-numerical applications using above concepts.
Introduction to Programming –Modular Programming, Object Oriented Programming, Event Driven Programming:
About Visual Basic (Object Based Programming Language), Rapid Application Development using Visual Basic;
Concept of Project In Visual Basic, VB Project Options- Standard EXE, ActiveX DLL, ActiveX EXE, ActiveX Control, Active X Document EXE, Addin, VB Application Wizard, IIS Application, DHTML Application;
Getting Familiar with Visual Basic User Interface-Pull-Down menus, Toolbar, Toolbox, Project Explorer, Properties Window, Form Layout Window, Form, Immediate window;
Opening and Closing window, Resizing and moving windows, Docking windows; Quitting Visual Basic;
Visual Basic Tool Box (Standard Window Controls)- Pointer, Picture Box, Lbel, Text Box, Frame, Command Button, Check Box, Option Button, Combo Box, List Box, Horizontal Scrollbar, Vertical Scrollbar, Timer, Drive List box, Directory List box, File List Box, Shape, Line, Image, Data, OLE;
Object Naming Conventions, Event Procedures;
Data Types: Integer, Long, Single, Double, Currency, String, Byte, Boolean, Date, Object, Variant;
Variables: Need to use variable, Declaring Variables, Variable Naming Convention, Assigning value to Variables, Data Types of variable, Scope and lifetime of Variables (Public and Private);
Menu Editor : Concept of menus, Shortcut menus and Popup menus Designing Menu System, Menu Editor Dialog Box Options (Name, Index, Shortcut, Help Context ID, Negotiate Position, Checked, Enabled, Visible, Window List, Right Arrow, Left Arrow, Up Arrow, Down Arrow, Menu List, Next, Insert, Delete, OK, Cancel), To Create Menu Controls in the Menu Editor, Menu Naming Conventions, Setting the Name Property, Creating a Menu Control Array, Creating Sub Menus, Separating Menu Controls, Assigning Access Keys and Shortcut Keys, Controlling Menus at Runtime-Enabling and Disabling Menu Commands, Displaying a Checkmark on a Menu Control, Making a Menu Control Invisible, Adding Menu Control at Runtime, Displaying Pop-Up Menu;
General Controls (Advance): Image List, Common Dialog Box, ADO DC, DB Combo, Media Player Control, DB Grid;
Adding a Toolbar: Creating an Image List, Adding Images to the Toolbar, To Add Code for the Toolbar Buttons;
Adding Status Bar: Adding Status Bar panels, Adding Time on the panel.
Dialog Boxes: Pre-defined dialog box, Custom dialog box;
Introduction to the object-based and object-oriental programming paradigms; records, abstract data types and objects, data abstraction and internal representation; programming-in-the-large issues: modularity and code re-usability, classes and packages; graphical user interfaces; command-line arguments; interfacing with libraries and separate compilation; language support and OOP: Sub-typing, Inheritance, classes and subclasses, header files, function templates, overloading.
Programming with Data structures: Stacks, queues, lists, trees and balanced binary trees, specification of exception conditions and exception handling, notion of efficient algorithmic solution, efficient representations of data structures (e.g.sparse arrays), algorithms for searching and sorting.
1. Object Oriented Programming: Concept of Object Oriented Programming- Data hiding, Data encapsulation, Class and Object, Abstract class and Concrete class, Polymorphism (Implementation of polymorphism using Function overloading as an example in C++); Inheritance, Advantages of Object Oriented Programming over earlier programming methodologies.
2. Implementation of Object Oriented Programming concepts in C++: definition of a class, Members of a class-Data Members AND Member Functions (methods), Using Private and Public visibility modes, default visibility mode (private); Member function definition: inside class definition and outside class definition using scope resolution operator (::); Declaration of objects as instances of a class; accessing members from object (s), Array of type class, Objects as function arguments-pass by value and pass by reference;
Constructor and Destructor:
Constructor: Special Characteristics, Declaration and Definition of a constructor, Default Constructor, Overloaded Constructors, Copy Constructor, Constructor with definition of destructor;
Destructor: Special Characteristics, Declaration and definition of destructor;
Inheritance (Extending Class): Concept of Inheritance, Base Class, Derived Class, Defining derived classes, protected visibility mode; Single level inheritance, Multilevel inheritance and Multiple inheritance, Privately derived, Publicly derived and Protectedly derived class, accessibility of members from objects and within derived class (es);
3. Data File Handling:
Need for a data file, Types of data files-Text file and Binary file;
Basic file operations on text file: Creating/ Writing text into file, Reading and Manipulation of text from an already existing text File (accessing sequentially);
Binary File: Creation of file, Writing data into file, Searching for required data from file, Appending data to a file, Insertion of data in sorted filed, Deletion of data from file, Modification of data in a file;
Implementation of above mentioned data file handling in C++;
Components of C++ to be used with file handling:
4. Pointers:
Declaration and Initialization of Pointers: Dynamic memory allocation/ deallocation operators: new, delete; Pointers and Arrays: Array of Pointers, Pointer to an array (1 dimensional array), Function returning a pointer. Reference variables and use of alias; Function call by reference. Pointer to structures: Deference operator: *,->; self referential structures;
Introduction to database concepts: Relation/ Table, attribute, Tuple/ Rows, fields, Data, Concept of String, Number and Date values, Data type and Data Integrity (Domain and Referential Integrity). Candidate key, Alternate key, Primary Key, Foreign Keys; Data Normalization-first, second, third, BCNF normal form;
Examples of Commercially available Database Management System’s (Back-End) – Oracle, MS-SQL Server, DB2, MySQL, Sybase, INGRES.
Examples of Front End Software’s: Oracle Developer, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Power Builder, Delphi;
ORACLE: Introduction, Version, Two Tier and Three Tier support;
Interface with oracle, Login Screen, Entering Name and Password;
Classification of SQL Statements: DML (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), DDL (CREATE, DROP, ALTER, RENAME, TRUNCATE), DCL (GRANT, REVOKE), TCL (COMMIT, ROLLBACK);
SQL SELECT Statement: SQL SELECT statement, Selecting All the Columns, Selecting Specific Column, Column Heading Default, Using Arithmetic Operators, Operator Precedence, Significance of NULL value, NULL values in Arithmetic Expressions, Defining and using Column Alias, Concatenation Operator (ll), Duplicate rows and their Elimination (DISTINCT keyword), Role of SQL and SQL*Plus in interacting with RDBMS, Displaying Table Structure (DESC command);
SELECT Statement Continued: Limiting Rows during selection (using WHERE clause), Working with Character Strings and Dates, Using Comparison operators, BETWEEN Operator, IN Operator, LIKE Operator, is null comparison, Logical Operators, Use of Logical Operators (AND/OR/NOT Operators), Logical Operator Precedence, ORDER BY Clause, Sorting in Ascending/Descending Order, Sorting By Column Alias Name, Sorting On multiple Columns;
Functions: SQL Functions, Types of SQL Function (Single Row/ Multiple Row), Single Row SQL Functions, Character Functions (Case Conversion/ Character Manipulation), Case Conversion Functions [lower (), InitCap (), UPPER ()] Character Manipulation Function [CONCAT (), INSTR (), LENGTH (), TRIM (), SUBSTR (), LPAD () ], Number Functions (ROUND (), TRUNC (), MOD() ), Working with Dates [LAST_DAY(), MONTHS_BETWEEN(), NEXT_DAY(), ADD_MONTHS(), ROUND(), TRUNC() ] Arithmetic Operation on Dates, Date Functions and their Usage, Data type Conversion Functions, Implicit and Explicit Conversion, TO_CHAR Function with Dates, TO_CHAR Function For Numbers, TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE Functions, NVL Function and its Usage, DECODE Function and its Usage;
Grouping Records: Concept of Grouping Records and Nested Grouping, Nested Grouping of records, Group Functions, Types of group functions [MAX (), MIN (), AVG (), SUM (), COUNT ()], using AVG and SUM Functions, Using MIN and MAX Functions, Using the COUNT Function, using COUNT(*), DISTINCT clause with Count, Group Functions and Null Values, Using NVL Function with Group Functions, Grouping Records: Group By Clause, Grouping By More than One Column, Illegal Queries with Group By Clause, Excluding Group Results: Having Clause, Nesting Group Functions.
Sub Queries: Concept of Sub-Query, Sub Query to solve a Problem, Guidelines for Using Sub Queries, Types of Sub-Queries (Single Row and Multiple Row) and (Single Column and Multiple Column); Single Row Sub-Query and its Execution;
Displaying Data From Multiple Tables: Concept of Join, Result of Join, Cartesian Product and Generating Cartesian Production example using Mathematical Set), Types of Joins (EQUL, SELF, NON-EQUI, OUTER (LEFT and RIGHT)), Equi-join, Additional Search Conditions using AND operator, Short Naming Convention for Tables (Table Aliases), Non-Equi join and its Implementation, Outer-Join and Its Usage, Self-Join (Joining a table to Itself);
Manipulating Data of A Table /Relation: Concept of DML (Data Manipulation Language), INSERT Statement, Inserting New Rows, Inserting New Rows, with Null Values, Inserting Date Values, Use OF substitution Variable to Insert Values, Copying Rows From Another Table, Update Statement to Change Existing Data of a Table, Updating Rows In A Table, Updating Rows Based on Another Table, Delete statement/ Removing Row/ Rows from a Table, Deleting, Rows Based on condition from another Table; Making Data Manipulation Permanent (COMMIT). Undo Data Manipulation Changes (ROLLBACK)
Database Objects: View, Table, Sequence, Index, and Synonyms, DDL (Data Definition Language), Naming Convention, Creating Views, Creating Synonyms, Simple Views and Complex Views, Retrieving Data From a View, Querying a View, Modifying a view.
Including Constraints: Constraints, Concept of using Constraints, Constraint Guidelines, Defining Constraints, NOT NULL, UNIQUE KEY, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, FOREIGN KEY Constraint Keywords, CHECK, Adding a constraint, Dropping a Constraint, Disabling Constraints, Enabling Constraints, Viewing Constraints, Viewing The Columns, Associated with Constraints;
Creation of a Table/ Relation: CREATE TABLE Statement, Data types, the DEFAULT option, Creating Tables, Referencing Another User’s Tables, Querying the Database Dictionary to view all tables in the Oracle Database, Creating a Table by Using a Sub-Query;
Managing Existing Tables and other Database Objects: The ALTER TABLE Statement, Adding a New Column in a Table, Modifying Existing Column, Dropping a Column, Renaming an Object, Truncating a Table, Adding Comments to a Table, Dropping Views, Dropping Synonyms, Dropping Tables; giving permission to other users to work on Created Tables and Revoking it (GRANT and REVOKE statement).
General concept, User interfaces (front End), Underlying Database (back End), Integration of User Interface and Database;
More application areas of Databases:
Inventory control, Financial Accounting, Pay-Accounting System, Invoicing Management System, Personal Management System/ hard system, Fees Management System, Result Analysis System, Admission Management System, Income Tax Management System;
Advance Program Development Methodology: System Development Life Cycle, Relational Database Concept, Relational Database, Management System, Data Models (Entity Relationship Model), Entity and Entity Set, Attributes (Single, Composite and Multi-Valued), Relationship (One-to-One, One-to-Many and Many-to-Many), Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions, Communicating with an RDBMS using SQL, Relational Database Management System, SQL Statements, About programming language in SQL.
Data Dictionary, Data Warehousing, Data Mining, Meta Data;
Object Modeling: Introduction to object oriented modeling using Unified Modeling Language (Concepts only).
Client Server Computing: Concept of Client Server Computing.
Introduction, Objectives, Introduction to Universal Resource Identifier (URI) – Fragment Identifiers and Relative URI’s, History of HTML, SGML, Structure of HTML/ DHTML Document, Switching between opened Windows and browser (Container tag, Empty tag, Attribute);
Basic Tags of HTML: HTML, HEAD, TITLE, BODY (Setting the Fore color and Background color, Background Image, Background Sound), Heading tag (H1 to H6) AND ATTRIBUTES (ALIGN), FONT tag and Attributes (Size: 1 to 7 Levels, BASEFONT, SMALL, BIG, COLOR), P, BR, Comment in HTML (), Formatting Text (B, I, U, EM, BLOCKQUOTE, PREFORMATTED, SUB, SUP, STRIKE), Ordered List-OL (L1, Type-1, I, A, a; START, VALUE), Unordered List-UL (Bullet Type- Disc, Circle, Square, DL, DT, DD), ADDRESS Tag;
Creating Links: Link to other HTML documents or data objects, Links to other places in the HTML documents, Links to places in other HTML documents;
Anchor Tag Inserting Inline Images;
Tables: Creating Tables, Border, TH,TR, TD, CELLSPACING, CELLPADDING, WIDTH, COLSPAN, CAPTION, ALIGN, CENTER;
Frames: Percentage dimensions, Relative dimensions, Frame- Src, Frameborder, height and width, Creating two or more rows Frames
Ability to comprehend, analyze and interpret unseen texts.
Three/four unseen reading passages may be set.
Ability to express views/opinions in a coherent & logical manner.
B1. One out of two tasks such as factual description of any event or incident, a report or a process.
B2. Writing one formal letter. Letter types include
B3. Writing personal opinion /views/stand in an article/debate/speech etc on a given socio – cultural issue –in a style/register suitable to the task set. Issues could relate to
Ability to apply the knowledge of syntax and grammatical items & use them accurately in the context provided .
The following grammatical structures will be tested through error correction / editing/ gap filling / sentence completion / multiple choice questions :
Geographical ideas in ancient, medieval & modern periods: the contributions of Varenius, Kant, Reine, Humboldt and Ritter. Influence of Richthofen and Darwin. Videl-da-la Blache, F. Ratzel etc.
Contemporary geography: Post Second World War, Environmentalism, Areal Differentiation, spatial organization, Behavioural and perceptual Geography. Positivism in Geography. Humanistic Geography. Marxist Geography and critical social theory. Development in Indian Geography.
Introduction to the solar system,
Motions of Earth: Rotation, Revolution, Occurrence of Day and Night; change of seasons; Latitudes and Longitudes; Finding time.
Earth’s Interior: Origin of contents and ocean basis Wagener’s Continental drift theory, Theory of Plate Tectonics Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Folding and faulting
Origin of the Earth: Nebular hypothesis (old Theory) and Big-Bang Theory. Evolution of continents, atmosphere and oceans.
Constitution of Earth’s interior (based on Seismic Evidences), origin of the continents and ocean basins. Wegner’s theory of Continental drift and Plate Tectonics. Plate movements and interactions-Volcanism and seismicity.
Mineral and rocks- classification of rocks, rock cycle. Important minerals geomorphic process of denudation Endogenic and Exogenic processes. Mass Wasting, Landslide, Work of River, Glacier Wind, Sea Waves etc, processes of soil formation.
Atmosphere: Composition and structure. Insolation and temperature, Atmospheric pressure and winds, Atmospheric moisture, cyclones, classification of climate (Koeppen and Thornthwaite Schemes classification). Global climatic changes: Causes and effects.
Geomorphology of the ocean floor, submarine relief features of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean. Movement of ocean water: Currents, tides and waves. Marine deposits and coral reefs.
Approaches in environmental Geography, landscape, ecosystem and perception approaches, Man and the Biosphere: Interactive and dynamic relationship. Human impact on biogeochemical cycles.
Geographical basis of Indian State-territory; location, extent, shape and size.
Structure, Physiographic divisions, Drainage system and its evolution.
Climate: factors controlling climate of India
Origin and mechanism of Indian monsoon; Seasons of India, Classification of climate of India (Koeppen’s, Thornthwaite, Triwartha).
Soils: Type and distribution (I.C.A.R.), Soil problems, conservation of soil
Vegetation- Types & Distribution; conservation
Wild Life- its conservation.
Causes, Consequences and management in India Environmental Hazards: Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides; human adjustment to hazards; hazards perception and mitigation; environmental institutions and legislation in India.
Nature and scope of Human Geography, Approaches to the Human Geography, Determinism, Environmental Determinism, Possibilism, Neo-determinism, ecological and Behaviouralism.
Trends and patterns of population growth: determinants and patterns of population distribution; theories, demographic transition; Human migration, Patterns of human development.
Primary: -Hunting, gathering, Herding (Nomadic & Commercial) Lumbering fishing, mining and agriculture; Agricultural practices; some major crops.
Secondary: - Industries: Classification, Theories of localization, major Industries, recent trends in industries, world comparisons.
Tertiary:-(Services)
Quaternary-Quinary activities
Planning in India: target area planning, idea of sustainable development
Transport and communication Roads, railways, waterways and airways; oil and gas pipelines, national electric grids. Communication networking-radio, television, satellite and Internet.
International Trade-Basis and components, trade balance, major trading organizations, changing pattern of India’s foreign trade, sea-routes, inland water-ways, sea ports and their hinter-land.
Unstable and stable settlements, rural settlements: origin, types and patterns; Urban settlements: Origin and growth of towns; functional classification of towns. Problems of urbanization in the world; urbanization in India; Urban slums and squatters. Morphology of cities; distribution of Mega-cities, problems of human settlements in Developing countries.
Environmental pollution-Land, Water, Air, Noise, Global Warning, Poverty, Food Security; Sustainable Development.
Elements and classification of maps, scales, map-projections, finding directions, latitudes, longitudes and calculation of local & standard time, Identification & Analysis of relief forms: Topographical Maps and interpretation. Weather-instruments and interpretation of weather maps. Digital mapping, Remote sensing, Visual interpretation. Processing of Data, Thematic mapping, representing statistical data by various diagrams-Bar, Histogram, Pie etc.
Spatial Information technology: GIS, GPS, Computers-Software and Hardware components, Data format, Raster and Vector, editing and topology etc.
Spatial Analysis; Overlay, Buffer and Proximity analysis.
a. Town Planning
b. Religion
c. Economic & Social Life
d. Script Writing
a. Rise
b. Teaching
c. Comparison
d. Effect on society, trade &commerce
a. Causes for its rise
b. Chandragupta Maurya Administration
c. Contribution of Ashoka the Great (all aspects)
d. Decline and fall of Mauryan Empire
a. Golden Period
b. Samudra Gupta
c. Chandragupta Vikramaditya etc
d. Administration, Religion, Trade & Commerce
a. Polity
b. Administration
c. Society
d. Economy
a. Nature
b. Causes
c. Leadership
d. Events
e. Consequences
f. Causes of defeat
g. Impact
a. Framing
b. Features
c. Working of the Constitution
d. Adoption of the Constitution
a. Urbanization
b. Script
c. Trade
d. Calendar
a. Rise of the empire
b. Administration
c. Society
a. Rise of the empire
b. Administration
c. Society
a. Teachings
b. Culture
c. Crusades
a. Manor State
b. Decline
a. Industrial Revolution
b. Imperialism and colonialism
Sets and their representations. Empty set. Finite & Infinite sets. Equal sets. Subsets. Subsets of the set of real numbers. Power set. Universal set. Venn diagrams. Union and Intersection of sets. Difference of sets. Complement of a set.
Ordered pairs, Cartesian product of sets. Number of elements in the cartesian product of two finite sets. Cartesian product of the reals with itself (upto R x R x R). Definition of relation, pictorial diagrams, domain. co-domain and range of a relation. Function as a special kind of relation from one set to another. Pictorial representation a function, domain, co-domain & range of a function. Real valued function of the real variable, domain and range of these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum and greatest integer functions with their graphs. Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions. Sets and their Representations. Union, intersection and complements of sets, and their algebraic properties, Relations, equivalence relations, mappings, one-one, into and onto mappings, composition of mappings.
Processes of the proof by induction. The principle of mathematical induction.
Fundamental principle of counting. Factorial n. Permutations and combinations, derivation of formulae and their connections, simple applications.
Complex numbers, Algebraic properties of complex numbers, Argand plane and polar representation of complex numbers, Statement of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, solution of quadratic equations in the complex number system. Modulus and Argument of a complex number, square root of a complex number. Cube roots of unity, triangle inequality.
Linear inequalities. Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation on the number line. Graphical solution of linear inequalities in two variables. Solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables- graphically. Absolute value, Inequality of means, Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, Tchebychef’s Inequality.
Statement and proof of the binomial theorem for positive integral indices. Pascal's triangle, general and middle term in binomial expansion, simple applications. Binomial Theorem for any index. Properties of Binomial Co-efficients. Simple applications for approximations.
Sequence and Series. Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic progressions (G.P.), General terms and sum to n terms of A.P., G.P. and H.P. Arithmetic Mean (A.M.), Geometric Mean (G.M.), and Harmonic Mean (H.M.), Relation between A.M., G.M. and H.M. Insertion of Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic means between two given numbers. Special series, Sum to n terms of the special series. . Arithmetico-Geometric Series, Exponential and Logarithmic series.
Peano’s Axioms, Principle of Induction; First Principle, Second Principle, Third Principle, Basis Representation Theorem, Greatest Integer Function Test of Divisibility, Euclid’s algorithm, The Unique Factorisation Theorem, Congruence, Sum of divisors of a number . Euler’s totient function, Theorems of Fermat and Wilson.
Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions. Relation between roots and co-efficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots; Symmetric functions of roots, equations reducible to quadratic equations – application to practical problems.
Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions. Relation between roots and co-efficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic equations with given roots; Symmetric functions of roots, equations reducible to quadratic equations – application to practical problems.
Polynomial functions, Remainder & Factor Theorems and their converse, Relation between roots and coefficients, Symmetric functions of the roots of an equation. Common roots.
Determinants and matrices of order two and three, properties of determinants, Evaluation of determinants. Area of triangles using determinants, Addition and multiplication of matrices, adjoint and inverse of matrix. Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations using determinants and matrices.
Cartesian system of rectangular co-ordinates in a plane, distance formula, section formula, area of a triangle, condition for the collinearity of three points, centroid and in-centre of a triangle, locus and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on the coordinate axes.
Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, Equations of internal and external bisectors of angles between two lines, coordinates of centroid, orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines, homogeneous equation of second degree in x and y, angle between pair of lines through the origin, combined equation of the bisectors of the angles between a pair of lines, condition for the general second degree equation to represent a pair of lines, point of intersection and angle between two lines.
Standard form of equation of a circle, general form of the equation of a circle, its radius and centre, equation of a circle in the parametric form, equation of a circle when the end points of a diameter are given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to the circle, length of the tangent, equation of the tangent, equation of a family of circles through the intersection of two circles, condition for two intersecting circles to be orthogonal.
Sections of cones, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point(s) of tangency.
Positive and negative angles. Measuring angles in radians & in degrees and conversion from one measure to another. Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle. Graphs of trigonometric functions. Expressing sin (x+y) and cos (x+y) in terms of sinx, siny, cosx & cosy. Identities related to sin2x, cos2x, tan 2x, sin3x, cos3x and tan3x. Solution of trigonometric equations, Proofs and simple applications of sine and cosine formulae. Solution of triangles. Heights and Distances.
Definition, range, domain, principal value branches. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions. Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions.
Polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions, Inverse functions. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, Continuity and differentiability; Derivative, Geometrical interpretation of the derivative, Derivative of sum, difference, product and quotient of functions. Derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric functions, Derivative of composite functions; chain rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit function. Exponential and logarithmic functions and their derivatives. Logarithmic differentiation. Derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives. Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean Value Theorems and their geometric interpretations.
Applications of derivatives: rate of change, increasing / decreasing functions, tangents & normals, approximation, maxima and minima.
Integral as an anti-derivative. Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Integration by substitution, by parts and by partial fractions. Integration using trigonometric identities. Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Basic Properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals; Applications of definite integrals in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, areas of circles / Parabolas / ellipses, area between the two curves.
Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation.
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines / ratios of vectors. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio.
Scalar (dot) product of vectors, projection of a vector on aline. Vector (cross) product of vectors.
Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points; Section formula, Direction cosines / ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian and vector equationof a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between
(i) two lines,
(ii) two planes.
(iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane. Scalar and vector triple product. Application of vectors to plane geometry. Equation of a sphere, its centre and radius. Diameter form of the equation of a sphere.
Calculation of Mean, median and mode of grouped and ungrouped data. Measures of dispersion; mean deviation, variance and standard deviation of ungrouped / grouped data. Analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances.
Random experiments: outcomes, sample spaces. Events: occurrence of events, exhaustive events, mutually exclusive events, Probability of an event, probability of 'not', 'and' & 'or' events., Multiplication theorem on probability. Conditional probability, independent events,, Baye's theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, Binomial and Poisson distributions and their properties.
Random experiments: outcomes, sample spaces. Events: occurrence of events, exhaustive events, mutually exclusive events, Probability of an event, probability of 'not', 'and' & 'or' events., Multiplication theorem on probability. Conditional probability, independent events,, Baye's theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, Binomial and Poisson distributions and their properties.
Examples of vector spaces, vector spaces and subspace, independence in vector spaces, existence of a Basis, the row and column spaces of a matrix, sum and intersection of subspaces. Linear Transformations and Matrices, Kernel, Image, and Isomorphism, change of bases, Similarity, Rank and Nullity. Inner Product spaces, orthonormal sets and the Gram-Schmidt Process, the Method of Least Squares. Basic theory of Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues, algebraic and geometric multiplicity of eigen value, diagonalization of matrices, application to system of linear differential equations. Generalized Inverses of matrices, Moore-Penrose generalized inverse.
Real quadratic forms, reduction and classification of quadratic forms, index and signature, triangular reduction of a pair of forms, singular value decomposition, extrema of quadratic forms. Jordan canonical form, vector and matrix decomposition.
Monotone functions and functions of bounded variation. Real valued functions, continuous functions, Absolute continuity of functions, standard properties. Uniform continuity, sequence of functions, uniform convergence, power series and radius of convergence. Riemann-Stieltjes integration, standard properties, multiple integrals and their evaluation by repeated integration, change of variable in multiple integration. Uniform convergence in improper integrals, differentiation under the sign of integral - Leibnitz rule.
Dirichlet integral, Liouville’s extension. Introduction to n-dimensional Euclidean space, open and closed intervals (rectangles), compact sets, Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem, Heine-Borel theorem. Maxima-minima of functions of several variables, constrained maxima-minima of functions. Analytic function, Cauchy-Riemann equations, singularities, Statement of Cauchy theorem and of Cauchy integral formula with applications, Residue and contour integration. Fourier and Laplace transforms, Mellin’s inversion theorem.
Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental
and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of
measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures.
dimensional analysis and its applications.
Frame of reference. Motion in a one ,two and three dimension: Position-time graph, speed and velocity.
Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity.
Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion .Vectors :Position and displacement vectors .
addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity.scalar product of vectors,Vector product of vectors.
Unit vector; Resolution of a vector in a plane - rectangular components. Motion in a
plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion.
Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion;
momentum and Newton’s
second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of
linear momentum and its applications.
Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Types of friction, laws of friction, .Dynamics of uniform circular motion .
Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s
second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of
linear momentum and its applications.
Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Types of friction, laws of friction, .Dynamics of uniform circular motion .
Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic
energy, work-energy theorem, power.
Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces: conservation
of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces: elastic
and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conversation and centre of mass
motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod.
; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation
of angular momentum with some examples.
Dynamics of rigid bodies, comparison of linear and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration.
Values of moments of inertia for geometrical objects. Parallel and perpendicular axis theorems and their applications.
Keplar’s laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation.
Variation of Acceleration due to gravity and with altitude,latitude and depth.
Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity. Orbital velocity
of a satellite. Geo-stationary satellites.
Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law,modulus of elasticity .
Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications
Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, Reynold’s number, streamline and turbulent
flow. Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, application of surface tension ideas
to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat - calorimetry; change of state - latent heat.
Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation, thermal conductivity, Newton’s law of cooling.
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics). Heat,
work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics.
Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators.carnot cycle and carnot’s theorem.
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas.
Kinetic theory of gases ,degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy and application to specific heats of gases; concept of mean free path, Avogadro’s number.
Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions.Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring–restoring force and force constant; energy in S.H.M.-kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum–derivation of expression for its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance.
Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement
relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves,
standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats,
Doppler effect.
Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law and its application,force between two point charges,
forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric
field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.
Gauss’s theorem and its applications
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a dipole
and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics
and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium
between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor. Van de Graaff generator.
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility
and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics
(linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.
Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of
resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.
Kirchhoff’s laws and its applications..
Potentiometer - principle and its applications
Thermal and chemical effect of current.
Biot - Savart law and its application
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids.
Lorentz’s force. Cyclotron,synchrotron.
Interaction of a current-carrying conductor with magnetic field. Force between two
parallel current-carrying conductors. Torque experienced by a current
loop in uniform magnetic field and its application;
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole momentof a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet)
along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a
uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s
magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with
examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy
currents. Self and mutual inductance.
Need for displacement current.
Alternating currents and its measurement reactance and
impedance; LC oscillations, LCR series circuit, resonance;
power in AC circuits,.
generator , motors and transformer.
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal
reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin
lens formula, lens-maker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin
lenses in contact. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.
Scattering of light and its application.
Optical instruments: Human eye-eye defects and its correction. Microscopes
and astronomical telescopes and their magnifying powers.
Wave optics: wave front and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at
a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’
principle. Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width,
coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of
central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation,
plane polarised light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.
Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s
photoelectric equation-particle nature of light. Compton effect, deffraction of X- rays ,Bragg’s law ,Hall effect.
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment.
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.
Composition and size of nucleus, packing fraction and magnetic moment, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivity-alpha,
beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law.
Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; liquid drop model of nucleus, nuclear fission and fusion.,critical mass ,chain reaction and fission reaction, ionization chamber,Geiger counter and scinitillation counter,linear accelerator.
Semiconductors; semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias,
diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode;
Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of
a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates and its combination. Transistor as a switch.
Apart from the given DSSSB PGT economics syllabus 2020, candidates must be familiar with the PGT exam pattern 2020 for DSSSB. Chec the pattern here.
Subjects | Number of questions | Number of Marks |
---|---|---|
General Awareness | 20 | 20 |
General Intelligence & Reasoning Ability | 20 | 20 |
Arithmetical & Numerical Ability | 20 | 20 |
Test Of Hindi Language & Comprehension | 20 | 20 |
Test Of English Language & Comprehension | 20 | 20 |
Subject Related Questions | 200 | 200 |
300 | 300 |
TGT English Coaching
TGT History Coaching
TGT Hindi Coaching
TGT SST Coaching
TGT Psychology Coaching
TGT Home Science Coaching
TGT Computer Science Coaching
TGT Physical Education Coaching
TGT Maths Coaching
TGT Fine Arts Coaching
TGT Science Coaching
TGT Sanskrit Coaching
TGT Music Coaching
TGT Online Coaching
TGT English Online Coaching
TGT Hindi Online Coaching
TGT Psychology Online Coaching
TGT Home Science Online Coaching
TGT Computer Science Online Coaching
TGT Physical Education Online Coaching
TGT SST Online Coaching
TGT Maths Online Coaching
TGT Fine Arts Online Coaching
TGT Science Online Coaching
TGT Sanskrit Online Coaching
TGT Music Online Coaching
TGT Online Coaching
TGT English Study Material
TGT Hindi Study Material
TGT Psychology Study Material
TGT Home Science Study Material
TGT Computer Science Study Material
TGT Physical Education Study Material
TGT SST Study Material
TGT Maths Study Material
TGT Fine Arts Study Material
TGT Physics Study Material
TGT Science Study Material
TGT Sanskrit Study Material
TGT Music Study Material
TGT Online Study Material
Ability to comprehend, analyze and interpret an unseen text
Three/four unseen texts of varying lengths (150-250 words) with a variety of objective type, multiple choice questions (including questions to test vocabulary) testing factual and global comprehension.
Testing ability to express facts views / opinions in a coherent and logical manner in a style suitable to the task set.
B.1 One short writing task such as: notice, message or a postcard.
B.2 Writing a report of an event, process, or place.
B.3 Writing an article / debate / speech based on visual / verbal input on a given
concurrent topic for e.g. environment, education, child labour, gender bias, drug- abuse etc presenting own views fluently.
B.4 Writing a letter (formal/informal) on the basis of verbal / visual input. Letter types include: (a) letter to the editor; (b) letter of complaint ; (c) letter of request ; (d) descriptive , personal letters.
Ability to apply the knowledge of syntax, language/ grammatical items and to use them accurately in context.
The following grammatical structures will be
tested :
To test the candidate’s familiarity with the works of writers of different genres and periods of English Literature .
The candidate should have a thorough knowledge of :-
Representation of natural numbers, integers, rational numbers on the number line. Representation of terminating / non-terminating recurring decimals, on the number line through successive magnification.
Rational numbers as recurring / terminating decimals. Examples of non-recurring / non terminating decimals. Existence of non-rational numbers (irrational numbers) and their representation on the number line. Explaining that every real number is represented by a unique point on the number line and conversely, every point on the number line represents a unique real number.
Laws of exponents with integral powers. Rational exponents with positive real bases. Rationalization of real numbers. Euclid's division lemma, Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. Expansions of rational numbers in terms of terminating / non-terminating recurring decimals.
Peano’s Axioms, Principle of Induction; First Principle, Second Principle, Third Principle, Basis Representation Theorem, Greatest Integer Function, Test of Divisibility, Euclid’s algorithm, The Unique Factorisation Theorem, Congruence, Chinese Remainder Theorem, Sum of divisors of a number . Euler’s totient function, Theorems of Fermat and Wilson.
R, R2, R3 as vector spaces over R and concept of Rn. Standard basis for each of them. Linear Independence and examples of different bases. Subspaces of R2, R3. Translation, Dilation, Rotation, Reflection in a point, line and plane. Matrix form of basic geometric transformations. Interpretation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors for such transformations and eigenspaces as invariant subspaces. Matrices in diagonal form. Reduction to diagonal form upto matrices of order 3. Computation of matrix inverses using elementary row operations. Rank of matrix. Solutions of a system of linear equations using matrices.
Definition of a polynomial in one variable, its coefficients, with examples and counter examples, its terms, zero polynomial. Degree of a polynomial. Constant, linear, quadratic, cubic polynomials; monomials, binomials, trinomials. Factors and multiples. Zeros / roots of a polynomial / equation. Remainder Theorem with examples and analogy to integers. Statement and proof of the Factor Theorem. Factorization of quadratic and of cubic polynomials using the Factor Theorem. Algebraic expressions and identities and their use in factorization of polymonials. Simple expressions reducible to these polynomials.
Introduction to the equation in two variables. Proof that a linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions and justify their being written as ordered pairs of real numbers, Algebraic and graphical solutions.
Pair of linear equations in two variables. Geometric representation of different possibilities of solutions /
inconsistency. Algebraic conditions for number of solutions. Solution of pair of linear equations in two variables algebraically - by substitution, by elimination and by cross multiplication.
Standard form of a quadratic equation. Solution of the quadratic equations (only real roots) by factorization and by completing the square, i.e. by using quadratic formula. Relationship between discriminant and nature of roots. Relation between roots and coefficients, Symmetric functions of the roots of an equation. Common roots.
Derivation of standard results of finding the nth term and sum of first n terms.
Elementary Inequalities, Absolute value, Inequality of means, Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, Tchebychef’s Inequality.
Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion, Pigeon Hole Principle, Recurrence Relations, Binomial Coefficients.
Sets. Functions and their graphs: polynomial, sine, cosine, exponential and logarithmic functions. Step function. Limits and continuity. Differentiation. Methods of differentiation like Chain rule, Product rule and Quotient rule. Second order derivatives of above functions. Integration as reverse process of differentiation. Integrals of the functions introduced above.
Axioms / postulates and theorems. The five postulates of Euclid. Equivalent versions of the fifth postulate. Relationship between axiom and theorem. Theorems on lines and angles, triangles and quadrilaterals, Theorems on areas of parallelograms and triangles, Circles, theorems on circles, Similar triangles, Theorem on similar triangles. Constructions.
Ceva’s Theorem, Menalus Theorem, Nine Point Circle, Simson’s Line, Centres of Similitude of Two Circles, Lehmus Steiner Theorem, Ptolemy’s Theorem.
The Cartesian plane, coordinates of a point, Distance between two points and section formula, Area of a triangle.
Area of a triangle using Hero's formula and its application in finding the area of a quadrilateral. Surface areas and volumes of cubes, cuboids, spheres (including hemispheres) and right circular cylinders / cones. Frustum of a cone.
Area of a circle; area of sectors and segments of a circle.
Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle of a right-angled triangle. Relationships between the ratios.
Trigonometric identities. Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles. Heights and distances.
Introduction to Statistics: Collection of data, presentation of data, tabular form, ungrouped / grouped,
bar graphs, histograms, frequency polygons, qualitative analysis of data to choose the correct form of presentation for the collected data. Mean, median, mode of ungrouped data. Mean, median and mode of grouped data. Cumulative frequency graph.
Elementary Probability and basic laws. Discrete and Continuous Random variable, Mathematical Expectation, Mean and Variance of Binomial, Poisson and Normal distribution. Sample mean and Sampling Variance. Hypothesis testing using standard normal variate. Curve Fitting. Correlation and Regression.
Potential; potential difference ohms law; series combination of resistors, parallel combination of resistors; Power dissipation due to current; Inter relation between P,V,I and R. Magnetic field & magnetic lines, Magnetic field due to current carrying conductor; Fleming left hand rule, Electromagnetic Induction; Induced Potential Difference, Induced current; Direct current, Alternating current; Frequency of AC, Advantage of Electronic Motor & Electronic Generator.
Convergence and Divergence of light; Images formed by a Concave Mirror; related concepts, centre of curvature; principles axis, optic centre, focus, focal length, Refraction & laws of refraction. Images formed by a convex lens; functioning of vision and remedies. Applications of spherical mirrors and lenses.
Appreciation of concept of refraction index; Twinkling of stars; Dispersion of light; Scattering of light.
Different forms of Energy, Leading to different sources for human use: Fossil Fuels, solar energy; Biogas; Wind; Water and Tidal Energy; Nuclear Energy.
Renewable versus non-renewable sources.
Displacement, Velocity, uniform & Non-Uniform motion along a straight line, acceleration distance-time and velocity, Time graphs for uniform and uniformly accelerated motion; Equations of motion by graphical method Equations of motion by graphical method; Elementary idea of uniform circular motion.
Force and Motion; Newton’s laws of motion Inertia of a body; Inertia and Mass, Momentum Force and acceleration, Elementary idea of conservation of momentum, Action and Reaction forces.
Gravitation; Universal Law Of Gravitation, Force of gravitation of the earth(gravity, acceleration due to gravity; mass and weight; free fall. Work done by a force energy, power ; Kinetic and Potential energy; law of conservation of energy.
Thrust and Pressure, Archimedes Principle ,Buoyancy, Elementary idea of relative density.
Nature of Sound and its Propagation in various media, Speed of Sound, Range of hearing in Humans; Ultra Sound, Reflection of sound; Echo and SONAR; Structure of the Human Ear(Auditory aspect only)
Gases, liquids, solids, plasma and Bose- Enstein condenstate, types of intermolecular forces.
Classification of matter into mixtures and pure substances. Henry’s Law. Concentration of solutions.
Colloids- phases of colloids, Tyndall effect, Brownian movement. suspension.
Properties of matter. Measurement of properties of matter- S.I. system of units, physical and chemical changes.
Laws of chemical combination
Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro law, atomic and molecular masses, average atomic mass, mole concept and molar masses, percentage composition.
Dalton’s atomic theory, Discharge tube experiments, J J Thomson’s model of atom, Rutherford’s model, Bohr’s model of atom, electronic configuration, formation of ions, Characterisation of elements as metals, metalloids, or non-metals, isotopes (their applications), isobars and isotones.
Mendeleev’s periodic law, Periodic properties of elements, - trends in the periods and groups: Importance of the periodic table, position of hydrogen in the periodic table.
Nature and behaviour Acid, Bases and Salts: Classical definition of acids and bases, Bronsted- Lowry theory, Lewis concept of acid and bases, relative strengths of acids and bases, logarithmic or p scale- pH, pOH and pkw, ionic equilibria in a solution
Action of indicators on acids and bases, sources of acid and bases, Salt-Classification of salts and their pH
Formulation of chemical equations, balancing chemical equations,
Types of chemical equations with examples.
Characters of metals and non-metals including all properties and applications
Occurrence of metals in nature : ores and minerals, enrichment of ores – metallurgical operations.
Corrosion: rusting of iron - prevention of corrosion
Position of carbon in the periodic table. Concept of hybridization and shapes of molecules structural formula and molecular models, types of reactions undergone by organic compounds, homologous series of compounds having different functional groups, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.
Hydrocarbons – their classification formation of coal and petroleum.
Industrial source, preparation and properties of alkanes
Alcohols: Preparation and properties. Qualitative analysis of alcohols, iodoform test, effect of alcohols on living beings.
Carboxylic acids: Preparation and properties.
Functional group analysis of carboxylic acid.
Soaps , detergents , biodegradable detergents. Carbon fibres.
Pollution of river water, Ganga action plan for improving quality of water,
(1) Need for sustainable management of natural resources.
Development of non- conventional energy resources to prevent pollution and
atmospheric conservation.
Ceramics, cement, porcelain, glass, carbon fibres, soaps and detergents, polymers, fibres and plastics.
The fundamental unit of Life
Atmosphere, roll of atmosphere in climate control, wind, rain, environmental pollution:
Global warming and green house effect , acid rain, particulate pollutants, smog, formation of photochemical smog.
Formation of ozone and its break down ozone hole, causes of ozone hole formation, polar vortex, effects of depletion of ozone hole.
Water pollution-oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, international standard of drinking water, processing of drinking water.
Soil pollution: waste recycling, Strategies to control environmental pollution, its collection and proper methods of disposal.
2. Breath of life: Air, Air pollution
3. Water a wonderful liquid.
4. Water pollution.
5. Biochemical cycles. Nitrogen cycle. Carbon cycle. Oxygen cycle.
6. The green house effect.
7. What is ozone layer. How does it protect the earth. What are the causes of depletion of ozone layer. How can it affect day to day life of living organisms.
Motions of the Earth: Rotation, Revolution, Occurrence of Day and Night; change of seasons; Latitudes and Longitudes; Finding time.
Earth’s Interior: Origin of continents and ocean basins Wegener’s Continental drift theory, Theory of Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Folding and faulting
Earth’s Interior: Origin of continents and ocean basins Wegener’s Continental drift theory, Theory of Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Folding and faulting
Rocks and minerals: Types of rocks; soil formation; major types and characteristics.
Agents of gradation: Weathering, mass wasting, running water, wind, glaciers, sea waves and Karsat topography
Atmosphere - Composition and structure, elements of weather and climate
Insulation -Heat Budget, Heating and cooling of atmosphere, Conduction, Convection, Solar Radiation, Terrestrial raditiation, Advection, Temperature, Factors controlling temperature, distribution of temperature-horizontal and vertical
Pressure -Pressure belts, winds, cyclones and anti-cyclone,
Evaporation, condensation and precipitation and their forms: Humidity, rainfall and its types.
World climates- Classification, greenhouse effect, global worming and global climate change.
Ocean- Submarine relief, distribution of temperature and salinity; movement of ocean water’s-waves, tides currents of Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean
Maps and Scales- Definition and classification
Finding directions, conventional signs
Techniques of representing relief features on map; contours, Hachures, Hill shading, layer tinting.
Representation of climatic data; line and Bar Graph, (Climograph) Isotherms, isobars and isohyets
Biosphere: Ecology, type of Eco-System, structure and functions of Eco-system-Food Chain, Food Web, World Biomes, Ecological Balance , Biodiversity and its conservation.
Geological Structure, Physiographic divisions, drainage system and its evolution.
Climate: origin and mechanism of Indian monsoon, Seasons of India, Classification of Climate of India (Coeppen’s) Soil: Types and distribution: Natural vegetation: types and distribution.
Growth and Distribution of population: Causes & Factors
Migration-Causes and consequences
Population theories & their relevance- Malthus, Demographic transition - theory
Population composition and its Attributes: Population and sustainable development; Population as a resource; Population problems and polices with reference to India.
Meaning, nature and Components of resources and environment; Resources, environment and technology interface: classification of resources.
Distribution, utilization, economic and environmental significance and conservation of water, Minerals, Forests and fisheries; production and distribution of major crops, wild life resource and energy resources.
Wet and dry agriculture, Intensive, Extensive, shifting, commercial and plantation agricultural development and problems, crop intensity, major crops.
Classification, locational factors, types and distribution, industrial clusters of India, Production and distribution of sugar, Cotton Textile Iron and steel, chemicals and electronic industries.
Means of transportation and communication, Roads, Railways, waterways and airways, oil and gas pipelines, National electric grid, radio, television satellite and computers
International trade - Changing pattern of India’s foreign trade, sea ports and airports: Tourism as trade.
Type of Disasters- Natural & Manmade.
The candidate should have adequate understanding of English and Hindi language to deal with students of Elementary Classes. The ability to comprehend the texts and express them effectively in writing/orally will be measured through written test and interview.
Articles/Determines, Prepositions, Verb forms, Adjectives, Tenses, Modal Auxiliaries, Active/Passive, Reported speech, Punctuations Letter Writing-formal & informal, Essay on current issues, Speech, vocabulary, idioms and phrases, Antonym & Synonyms, Methods of teaching English at elementary level.
Living word, Human Body, Plant Life, Natural Vegetation and Wild Life, Food, The Universe:- Natural phenomenon, planets, Indian space research programme; Our country - Its surface, natural resources, food & crop. Matter, concept of elements, molecule and atom. Basic structure of atom, Radioactivity, gases 'and liquids, classification of Hydrocarbons. Chemical and physical changes. Green house effect, photo synthesis Motion: displacement, velocity; uniform and non- niform motion along a straight line; acceleration, distance - time and velocity, idea' of uniform circular motion. Force and motion, inertia, momentum, force and acceleration action and reaction forces. Elementary idea of conservation of momentum, conservation of energy, simple machine.
Number System, estimation of' numbers, Place value, use of symbols, word problems on number operations involving large numbers, conversions of units of length & mass, Multiples and factors, Prime/composite numbers, prime factorization, HCF and LCM, Rationale numbers. Whole numbers, Seeing patterns:- identifying and formulating, rules, Integers, Properties of integers, Fractions ,Ratio and Proportion, percentages, profit & loss, work & time velocity & distance simple and compound interest, binomials, polynomials, basic of algebra, linear equation, quadratic equation & word related problems
Line, line segment, ray. Open and closed figures. Angle - Vertex, arm, interior and exterior, Trianglevertices, sides, angles, interior, Quadrilateral- Sides, vertices, angles, Circle- Center, radius, diameter, arc, Concept of perimeter Data handling Pictograph- scaling in pictographs and its interpretation. General understanding of perimeter using regular shapes. Shapes of different kinds with the same perimeter. Area of various regulargeometric shapes. Measuring areas of different shapes with the help of graph. Concept of volume, measurement of volume using a basic unit, volume of a cube, cuboids and cylinder, Volume and capacity (measurement of capacity). Surface area of a cube, cuboids and cylinder.
Primary Institutions of democracy, Local bodies, State bodies, National bodies, citizen's rights in democracy, Role of panchayat and Nagarpalikas in education, health and other social services.
Distribution, density & growth, sex ratio, rural urban composition, education, Human development indicators. Common Diseases, Deficiency diseases & Communicable diseases and their prevention. First Aid and Our Health Services at village and District Level, Natural" Calamities - their causes impact and steps to reduce the effect, Transport and Communication - their impact, Natural Resources- Air,' Water, Soil and Land (Minerals,metals, non metals)
Forest and minerals, Water resources, rivers, irrigation system and crop pattern.
Location of identification, understanding of globe yvith special reference to Latitude, Longitude & time, Five Years plans, National freedom movement, cultural renaissances, social reformers of India.
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